US army reserve in Homeland Security Research Paper

US army reserve in Homeland Security - Research Paper Example The US Army Reserve should engage in Homeland Security and guarding the US borders. It provides trained units in addition to qualified individuals in times of need such as time of war, national emergency, and at times when national security may need them. The security issue within and outside the US is at stake; the number of immigrants is very high in the US because of the illegal entry and smuggling. The paper will expound on the military experience, homeland security expertise, global demand for army forces, and the operational environment in future as the main factors that make the Reserve Component fit for being utilized in Homeland security and guarding the US borders. The paper will also on how the loss of attention in some key areas in addition to pressure on the US economy pose challenge on the integration of the Reserve Component in Homeland Security and guarding the US borders. The Armed Forces Reserve Act of 1952 expounds on the roles of reserve forces. In section 201 (a) of the 1952 Act claims that the reserve components of the United States have specific roles. They provide trained units in addition to qualified individuals in times of need such as time of war, national emergency, and at times when national security may need them (Marcia, 2012). Often, reservists are only given the opportunity to volunteer for active duties. Participation in volunteering activities denies them the promotion opportunities like other active-duty armies.

Fight Club Essay Example for Free

Fight Club Essay The 1999 film, Fight Club, is controversial in the sense that it can be interpreted at a superfluity of angles. However, the effectiveness of the final scene to reflect the narrator’s catharsis is indisputable as it is accompanied by the song â€Å"Where is My Mind† by The Pixies. The song itself is vital to the ending scene and ultimately the entire film. The lyrics are significant to the narrator’s inner turmoil, not only throughout the film, but also at the concluding moment and the auditory elements parallel the events and emotions of the concluding scene. Fight Club centers around an unnamed narrator who projects his unconscious identity as a separate character, Tyler Durdin. Tyler frees the narrator from his former pretenses of life regarding society through self destruction. The narrator burns his house, quits his job, and beings to live recklessly, seemingly by coincidence. He subconsciously rids himself of all worldly possessions. Together, Tyler and the narrator form Fight Club an underground group that thrives on destruction of themselves and government establishments. As the narrator gets weaker and less powerful, Tyler gets stronger and better looking, symbolizing his strengthening id. Towards the end of the film, the narrator comes to the realization that he is Tyler. The ending scene puts the narrator and Marla, a woman with whom he has an on again-off again relationship, at the highest story of a city building, holding hands and watching the city collapse around them. The music as it appears in the final scene is essential to the conclusion of the film The lyrics, â€Å"where is my mind,† plays at the very closing moment. The words reflect the state of the character’s mind during the entire film and especially at the final scene. As he rids himself of all superficiality and society’s values, he is freed from his dangerous alter ego and his apparent schizophrenia and left with an open mind. â€Å"Where is my mind,† speaks to the separation between his conscious and subconscious into two people as well as his newfound freedom from materiality. The narrator experiences a â€Å"rebirth† from his prior lifestyle into pure existentialism, a state of being where he is now able to award meaning to his life, rather than society assigning meaning. The auditory elements of the song run parallel to the occurrences of the concluding scene. The song features loud, aggressive, and disharmonic music which is comparable to the city’s crashing buildings and demolition. There is a melodic undertone of chorus voices singing which is reflective of the narrator and Marla’s calmness and almost happiness, it seems, during the outside devastation.

My Utopian Society Essay -- My Vision for America

The Utopian land is divided into two main terrains: farmland and cities. The farmlands, of course, are where most of the country's resources are produced. The services of the economy, smithing, carpentry, clothmaking, etc., are mainly produced in the cities. Iron is the only resource which must be imported abundantly. All of the resources, except iron, that the nation requires, it produces on its own. The Utopians live a very simple lifestyle. They work, and in their spare time play games, read, and socialize. Other forms of entertainment, such as gambling and hunting are looked down upon. They only eat what is necessary, and their houses are built simply and furnished only with what is necessary. Thus, their consumption is very low. Utopians do not need material possessions for happiness. Happiness for them comes out of living an honest life and working hard to produce for themselves and for the entire nation. Â   All Utopians work. There are no rich people, deadbeats, or other people who go through life not working. Most people prefer to work and live in the city, but the work on the farms must be done as well. So, there is a rotation: everyone gets a turn to live and work in the city, and then must live and work on a farm for period of time. Since everyone must do this, there is no complaining from anyone. They see working on the farm as fulfilling their duty to the nation. Â   Because of the low consumption and the hard work put in by all people, the work day in Utopia is only six hours. They work only six hours a day, and still there are great surpluses. The surpluses are not uniform in each region, because many uncontrollable factors can affect production. Most regions have surpluses, but those that have s... ... with that. Â   I believe that this society, at least the economic aspect of it, would be possible to attain. However, I believe it cannot happen with our entire world. More made a point by putting Utopia on an island in the middle of the "real world": there is no way to apply Utopia to the "real word". In order to create a Utopia like this today, we must take very young children and raise them apart from society. If we do this and teach them about the society we are trying to create, I believe their reason will make the Utopia a lasting one. But if we try to create this Utopia over the whole Earth, we will fail miserably. The world is filled with billions of people who have been raised in our current society, and it is human nature to resist change. The economic situation of More's Utopia is possible, but only in a situation very close to the one in his book.

Analysis of “Seeing” by Annie Dillard

Max 11/5/12 Eng. 101 9:30-11:00 â€Å"Seeing† by Annie Dillard: 1) According to Dillard, lovers and the knowledgeable can see well. Yet she also suggests that those who are knowledgeable on a topic, such as people who have been blind from birth and can suddenly see (due to an opperation), can perhaps view more objectively the world around them, and see it in a way that those with vision from birth cannot.Infants, she says, can see very clearly, for they are viewing the world for the first time, and can observe the colors and the light with no prejudgments, but we forget this experience as we grow older, and only occasionally catch glimpses of this phenomenon. 2) Lovers can see well, because their vision transcends the obvious, if they love a lake, they do not merely see a lake, but also see what the lake represents for them, they see meaning.The knowledgeable can see because as small children we are constantly learning, but those who are knowledgeable continue to learn through out their lives, which enables them to keep discovering new ways to view the world and allows them to keep an open mind and open eye. Those who know little can see, but only if they are open to knowledge, even if that knowledge is self taught, they just must be open to experience and to wonder. ) Seeing contributes to happiness because when we allow ourselves to see, we allow ourselves to open our minds and our hearts, and to see the wonder in the world, which we often close ourselves off to as we grow older. Perhaps when we begin to learn of all the sufferings of reality, we close ourselves off to seeing, because we don't want to know, but if we do not allow ourselves to see and feel suffering, we shut the door to the joys and wonders of this world as well. ) The part of Dillard's essay which struck me the most was her retelling of the experiences of those who had been blinded from birth and were then granted sight, and how they did not have a sense of visual space or distance. It made me realize how my perception of the world is a combination of all my senses, and I can't really distinguish them. If I see an apple, I don't only see it, but I imagine how it feels, tastes, smells, sounds as I bight into it. It is hard to separate each of those from each other, but the sound of n apple being bitten into without the knowledge of it being an apple or knowing what it tastes or smells like, is a novel idea. To think of it separately is difficult, but if you can isolate it, it is truly fascinating, exciting even, for it is like a whole new experience. 5) When Dillard uses the term seeing, she means seeing something beyond the obvious. When looking at a tree, not seeing just a tree, but seeing it as if you were seeing it for the first time, and seeing it for all that it entails. ) A person may â€Å"see† not with the eyes, if they were to feel something deep within themselves that could not be attributed to any of the senses. Seeing in this case means to under stand what the view means to the individual. 7) See is most closely a synonym with understand and appreciate. What Dillard means is to appreciate, for often we go through life not â€Å"seeing† because we are ungrateful. However, one cannot truly appreciate unless they understand. One can look at the stars and not know what they are and still see them and understand.What I mean by understand, is not to be able to scientifically explain, but to wonder about and to be able to understand what it means to the the individual. Death of a Moth- Annie Dillard 8) The indefinite article article â€Å"a† in Dillard's title suggests that when she speaks about the vulnerabilities and fragilities of one moth, she speaks for the whole species. She observed â€Å"a† moth burn in the candle, but it could have been any moth, for they all are vulnerable to fire. Humans as well, are all connected in this way, when one person dies, we are reminded of our own vulnerability and our ow n lack of power in the face of death. ) In Dillard's essay the moth dies by flying into the flame of the candle while Dillard is camping. 10) I think the moth is significant to Dillard because it reminds her of her own vulnerability. Death is one thing which connects all life forms, irronic, but true. When she speaks of â€Å"a† moth, she speaks of all moths, and not only all moths, but all life forms, including herself. The moth stands out to her as well because the moth essentially surrenders it's life in order to allow her to read through the night, not knowingly or on purpose, but Dillard benefits from the death of this moth.This is sort of an example of the circle of life, for though one life form dies, another is able to flourish, this is of course on a small scale, but the concept is the same. 11) Dillard retreats to the hills because she is going through writer's block and is trying to re-motivate herself to write. She brings with her The Day on Fire by James Ullman, a book which she read as a young person which inspired her to write. 12) In â€Å"Death of a Moth†, Dillard seems to be unsure what she wants to write about.She begins by talking about herself living alone in an apartment, then diverges to discuss her trip to the hills to try to get motivated to write again and about watching a moth die in her candle flame, and then in the last paragraph she goes back to talking about living alone. The middle of her essay about her retreat to the hills by herself seems to be about her feelings of loneliness as well though. Even the moth dying is a representation of her solitude, for the moth dies alone. Dillard enjoys being alone, as she clearly states, which I have no doubt is true, but she also seems to want to want company.I find this very relateable, I enjoy my solitude very much, but sometimes I wish that I could be happy and comfortable living with another person, but I feel I cannot be myself unless I am alone. The only time Dillard wi shes to not live alone, is when something is funny, because it is much easier to share joyous times with others than to share ones pain. I would prefer to die alone because then I would not have to worry about how those around me felt, and I would be able to allow myself to feel however I felt, and if I did feel pain when I died, I would want to be able to feel that, and people around me might hinder my ability to do that.I think this is what Dillard may have felt watching the moth die, she pities the moth for dying alone, but the moth goes out majestically and for this reason Dillard envies her. Dillard wishes her death to be real, majestic, and she fears living her life with other people will ruin her death. It is a sad reality to live your life in fear of death, but even more tragic to live your life in preperation for a perfect death.

Christopher Morley Essay

On Christopher Morley’s â€Å"On Laziness†, he presents the topic of laziness, persuading his audience about the allure indolence through rhetorical effect and appeal to human nature. Slothfulness, which is typically regarded as a weakness or sin, is transformed into a means to â€Å"enlightened† living using rhetorical effect. As an essayist on laziness, Morley presents his subject to the audience in the didactic and amicable tone, using a sophisticated dictation to provide style. Morley advertises the attractiveness of laziness by appealing to some of society’s greatest desire: relief from responsibility, respect, happiness, and enlightenment. Similar to the styles of propagandist advertisers in unSpun, in his essay Chris Morley is able to guarantee the readers something valuable for nothing, or rather from doing nothing. As the common man, the writer achieves this scheme by being able to communicate with the common man, knowing their own traits and quims for his own. The tone of â€Å"On Laziness† is shrewd, yet friendly, like a wise mentor spreading his doctrines to benefit his pupils. Morley sluggish philosophy is a relative ideology, seen in even contemporary society today, i.e. â€Å"Hakuna Matata,† the popularized Swahili phrase (made famous from The Lion King,) directly translating, â€Å"No worries.† In addition, in spite of the vintage publication date (1920s), Morley use of prosaic anecdotes can be identified with the common man of any decade, â€Å"the bustling man†¦ who is asked to solve the problems of other people and neglect his own.† â€Å"People respect laziness.† In this statement, indolence’s character is established and given an irrefutable, and admirable reputation. Everything knows about laziness, but this essay rather done condoning it, celebrates this human trait by exclaiming how the happiest men are often the laziest. Morley uses articulate vocabulary in his diction, using the eloquence of his speech to manipulate the audience into believing that the subject to whom he presents is as sophisticated and intelligent as his language. Christopher Morley further achieves his purpose by employing rhetorical effect, the means of persuasive speech that is established through linguistic appeals, logos- logic; ethos- character; and pathos emotion; Christopher emphasizes on the two latter rhetoric aspects, ethos and pathos. â€Å"Doctor Johnson, who was one if the greatest philosophers, was lazy.† Simply by mentioning the title, â€Å"Doctor†, Morley immediately establishes credibility, because who wouldn’t trust a doctor? Also, it is noticeable to see how Morley instantly links philosophy with laziness, inspiring a type of revered thoughtfulness that is linked with philosophers. Additionally, the â€Å"immortal Biography,† just like the Bible or the Torah or the Quran, merely capitalizing a letter creates a reverence relatable to sacred texts. â€Å"One should be careful to distinguish laziness from dignified repose.† Through quoting the words of O. Henry, the essayist further establishes ethos, connecting his own concept in a shared conviction with that a famous and talented writer. â€Å"On Laziness† also appeals to pathos in some of society’s most desired objectives, enlightenment, happiness, and relaxation. In an almost marketing sales- esque pitch, the writer implies that one’s state of torpor, which is attainable into any human psyche, can guarantee these qualities. Christopher Morley’s essay, â€Å"On Laziness,† rebuttals the dubiousness purpose of languor, showing the audience how this subject can eliminate the stress and trouble in our lives, by simply expanding on what we’ve naturally experienced and long for once again. This syntax of this document appeals to some of denizen’s longing to become enlightenment philosophers, laziness being such an enticing road to becoming so without actually doing any walking. The â€Å"acquired laziness,† though matter how much of an oxymoron it may sound like, is by Morley’s definition, a determined way of life, not by lack of strength or resolution, but as a premeditated choice.

Using Ruby Environmental Variables

Using Ruby Environmental Variables Environment variables are variables passed to programs by the command line or the graphical shell. When an environment variable is referred to, its value (whatever the variable is defined as) is then referenced. Though there are a number of environment variables that only affect the command line or graphical shell itself (such as PATH or HOME), there are also several that directly affect how Ruby scripts execute. Tip:  Ruby environment variables are similar to ones found in the Windows OS. For example, Windows users may be familiar with a TMP  user variable to define the location of the temporary folder the for the currently logged in user. Accessing Environment Variables from Ruby Ruby has direct access to environment variables via the ENV hash. Environment variables can be directly read or written to by using the index operator with a string argument. Note that writing to environment variables will only have an effect on child processes of the Ruby script. Other invocations of the script will not see the changes in environment variables. #!/usr/bin/env ruby# Print some variablesputs ENV[PATH]puts ENV[EDITOR]# Change a variable then launch a new programENV[EDITOR] geditcheat environment_variables add Passing Environment Variables to Ruby To pass environment variables to Ruby, simply set that environment variable in the shell. This varies slightly between operating systems, but the concepts remain the same. To set an environment variable on the Windows command prompt, use the set command. set TESTvalue To set an environment variable on Linux  or OS X, use the export command. Though  environment variables are a normal part of the Bash shell, only variables that have been exported will be available in programs launched by the Bash shell. $ export TESTvalue Alternatively, if the environment variable will only be used by the program about to be run, you can define any environment variables before the name of the command. The environment variable will be passed onto the program as its run, but not saved. Any further invocations of the program will not have this environment variable set. $ EDITORgedit cheat environment_variables add Environment Variables Used by Ruby There are a number of environment variables that affect how the Ruby interpreter acts. RUBYOPT - Any command-line switches here will be added to any switches specified on the command line.RUBYPATH - When used with the -S switch on the command line, the paths listed in RUBYPATH will be added to the paths searched when looking for Ruby scripts. The paths in RUBYPATH precede the paths listed in PATH.RUBYLIB - The list of paths here will be added to the list of paths Ruby uses to search for libraries included in the program with the require method. The paths in RUBYLIB will be searched before other directories.

Joseph Priestley and the Discovery of Oxygen

Joseph Priestley and the Discovery of Oxygen As a clergyman, Joseph Priestley was considered an unorthodox philosopher, he supported the French Revolution and his unpopular views caused his home and chapel in Leeds, England, being burned in 1791. Priestley moved to Pennsylvania in 1794. Joseph Priestley was a friend of Benjamin Franklin, who like Franklin was experimenting with electricity before turning his full attention to chemistry in the 1770s. Joseph Priestley - Co-Discovery of Oxygen Priestley was the first chemist to prove that oxygen was essential to combustion and along with Swede Carl Scheele is credited with the discovery of oxygen by isolating oxygen in its gaseous state. Priestley named the gas dephlogisticated air, later renamed oxygen by Antoine Lavoisier. Joseph Priestley also discovered hydrochloric acid, nitrous oxide (laughing gas), carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide. Soda Water In 1767, the first drinkable man-made glass of carbonated water (soda water) was invented by Joseph Priestley. Joseph Priestley published a paper called Directions for Impregnating Water with Fixed Air (1772), which explained how to make soda water. However, Priestley did not exploit the business potential of any soda water products. The Eraser April 15, 1770, Joseph Priestley recorded his discovery of Indian gums ability to rub out or erase lead pencil marks. He wrote, I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black lead pencil. These were the first erasers which Priestley called a rubber.

Absolute Beginner English Basic Adjectives

Absolute Beginner English Basic Adjectives When absolute beginner students are able to identify a number of basic objects, that is a good time to introduce some basic adjectives to describe those objects. You will need to have some illustrations of similar objects that look slightly different. Its helpful to have them mounted on the same size of cardstock and have them big enough to show to everyone in the classroom. For Part III of this lesson, you will want to have, at minimum, one image per student. Preparation Prepare the lesson by writing a number of adjectives on the board. Use adjectives that are paired in opposites, such as the following: beautiful- uglyold- newhot- coldold- youngbig- smallcheap- expensivethick- thinempty- full Notice that you should use adjectives that describe the outward appearance of things because students have learned only basic everyday object vocabulary prior to this. Part I: Introducing Adjectives Teacher: (Take two illustrations that show similar things in different states.) This is an old car. This is a new car. Teacher: (Take two illustrations that show similar things in different states.) This is an empty glass. This is a full glass. Continue pointing out the differences between the various things. Part II: Getting Students to Describe Illustrations After you feel comfortable that students are familiar with these new adjectives, begin to ask students questions. Stress that students should answer in complete sentences.   Teacher: What is this? Student(s): That is an old house. Teacher: What is this? Student(s): That is a cheap shirt. Continue choosing between the various objects. Besides the traditional  calling on individual students for answers, you can also make a circle game out of this activity. Turn  over the images onto a table and have students each choose one from the pile (or hand them out facedown).  Then each student flips over the image and describes it. After each student has had a turn, mix up the images and have everyone draw again. Part III: Students Ask Questions For this circle game, hand out the various images to the students. The first student, student A, asks the student to his/her left, student B, about the image. Student B responds and then asks the student to his/her left, student C, about Bs image, and so on around the room. For additional practice, reverse the circle so that every student gets to ask and respond about two images. If it will take too long to go around a circle because of the class size, have students pair off and discuss their images. They can then switch pairs with people near them or trade images. Teacher: (Student A name), ask (student B name) a question. Student A: Is this a new hat? OR What is this? Student B: Yes, that is a new hat. OR No, that isnt a new hat. It is an old hat. Questions continue around the room. Part III: Alternative If you want to create a mingle with this activity, deal an image to each student, facedown. Students cannot show anyone their image and instead need to find the opposite of the one they have, like an interactive Go-Fish game. If you have an odd number of students, include yourself in the mingle. Alternates are listed in case students have not had do or where yet.  For  example: Student A: Do you have an old house? OR Where is the old house? OR Are you the old house? I have the new house OR I am the new house.   Student B: I have an expensive bag. I am not the old house.

Sales Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Sales Management - Essay Example It is difficult for the sales persons to agree that their product is inferior to another competing product. Under such circumstances, sales person will try to convince the customers at any cost. On the other hand many others are of the view that being truthful in an imperative for sales success. Relationship building is accepted as the core of every business activities at present and sales is also not an exception. Telling lies or cheating customers will never help the sales persons in establishing strong relationships with the customers. Customers who once cheated by the sales people will never come back to the same organization. This paper analyses the question; is sales ethics an oxymoron. Is sales ethics an oxymoron? Selling ethically, like all High Probability Selling principles, has been proven to statistically boost the probability of closing sales. Many salespeople report that truthfulness also reduces the stress and anxiety associated with the selling process. Radically Hone st Selling is a Win-Win situation for both Buyers and Sellers. Buyers conduct business feeling treated fairly and respectfully. Salespeople enjoy their work more - and enjoy greater financial rewards (The Truth About Truth in Selling: Sales Ethics is NOT an Oxymoron, 2004).1 Shortcuts will help people to achieve temporary gains whereas in the long run shortcuts may create problems. In sales operations also the above fact is true. A sales person may succeed in selling his product or services using shortcuts or exaggerated claims; however the customer will realize the trap later and he may take legal actions against the company or the sales person which may destroy the reputation of both the company and the selling people. On the other hand, if the sales person adopts only the straight ways to sell his product, the customer may give more mouth publicity to that product which may raise the reputation of the company and the selling people. Both the buyers and the sellers should have met their objectives in a deal so that the relationships with the seller and the buyer may be strengthened. â€Å"A study in Business Horizons magazine from In ­diana University, found that customers increasingly base their buying decisions on whether they be ­lieve a company is ethical. Cynicism promotes fick ­le buying habits† (Bucaro , 2006, p.1)2. Corporate social responsibility is a much debated term in business arena at present. Ethical selling habits are one of the major elements of corporate selling habits. A socially committed company should never try to cheat the customers with the help of exaggerated or misleading claims about their product. Ultimately, every social setups and systems are meant for the wellbeing of the society and no company or salespersons can survive for longer periods by neglecting the needs of the society. Putting blame on others for one’s own faults is not a good business or selling strategy. In the eyes of the customer, the reputati on of the company and that of the selling person will grow only when the sales person was able to keep honesty in his approaches. Exceeding the needs or expectations of the customer will always help the sales person in building the reputation of the company. Instead of blaming the products or services of the competitor, the sales person should try to convince the customers with the help of the features and qualities of the product or service he is selling. The sales person sh

L.A. Exile Writers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

L.A. Exile Writers - Essay Example In addition to being one of the foremost crime novelists of the 20th century, Raymond Chandler is also recognized as one of the greatest writers of Los Angeles. In articulating Los Angeles it’s clear that Chandler assumes a sort of outsider status. Rather than romanticizing the various daily on-goings there is almost a sense of condescension in his tone. For instance, he writes â€Å"an evening with the sports page, the blatting of the radio, the whining of their spoiled children and the gabble of their silly wives† (Chandler). It’s clear that rather than romanticizing the movie star nature of Los Angeles, Chandler is attempting to present it in a more gritty light, with a self-conscious flavor. In other instances, Chandler attempts to depict the behind the scenes reality of the city, demonstrating producers that speak of the nature of the movie business in cynical terms. In all its an engaging portrait of the city that eschews romanticized notions of celebrity p arties and Hollywood for a grittier and realistic edge. A lot of how Chandler does this is by showing off the people who did not make it into the Hollywood and Los Angeles dream as well as those who did. Although his novel The Little Sister, already quoted above, is about the disappearance of an airline engineer, there are parts of it which deal specifically with some of the studios. In chapter 19, Marlowe goes to a movie production studio and notes that the entrance area has bulletproof glass. He mentions that he â€Å"never heard of anybody shooting his way into the picture business,† and a woman behind him laughs and says she wishes that was all it took (Chandler). In this short section, Chandler has deftly managed to point out the paranoia of the rich Hollywood types, as well as showing that for every bullet proof glass protected studio there are many people who do not make it into them. In this way he successfully deflates the image that Los

Intellectual property and violations Research Paper

Intellectual property and violations - Research Paper Example The European Union is dealing with the increasing infringement cases in other countries. China has made steps in ensuring the protection of intellectual property. The formation of trade organizations and signing of agreements has improved the intellectual property protection in local and world markets. The law defines intellectual property as anything intangible product produced by a creative mind (Alin, 2014) (Vidrascu, Cristea, Iacob, & Volintiru, 2014). The law is founded on the fact that a creative mind should have some exclusive rights attached to his or her idea. Some of the examples of intellectual property are literature, music, inventions, paint, words, phrases and anything else that is borne by unique creativity of the human mind (Anderson, 2013). The term intellectual property goes back many years. The laws surrounding intellectual property and rights have undergone many changes (Bird & Jain, 2008). The paper examines advantages, violations, rights and laws on intellectual properties in different countries. The current meaning of the term intellectual property traces its roots back to 1867 in pre-modern Germany (Alin, 2014). The North German Confederation had given power for individuals to protect their intellectual property. The term has been used in Europe and America. It is paramount to understand that patents did not start with real inventions. It began with Queen Elizabeth awarding royal grants that had immense monopoly privileges. However, the meaning has evolved to the giving an inventor exclusive rights to sell and control his or her invention. The purpose and scope of intellectual property rights have been changing ever since (Moreno, 2013). For example, in the past the rights were given to encourage invention. They were given only in situations it was necessary. This paper reviews the application of intellectual property and intellectual property rights. It analyzes the advantages and limitations of intellectual property rights.

Set Up a Company in LDC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Set Up a Company in LDC - Essay Example In consequences, medical expenditure of company itself been reduced. To make an eco-friendly surroundings strict statutory regulation or voluntary self- regulation is very much needed. According to Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), different management approaches like reduction, reuse, recycling, and landfills of wastages are easy can be arranged and guidelines are also given by them. The plastic and metals often used directly without pre-treatment (www.panalytical.com). As said by them grinding, milling and pressing systems together can make a complete solution. According to International standardization organization (ISO), every company should maintain the ‘Environmental Management System’. Careful solid waste management nowadays becomes urgent. Solids including paper, plastic, metals and glass pieces and many other things are most of the cases renewable, if not they should be destroyed by the clean way. Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Chromium VI, PBB, and PBD B are significantly harmful to the environment. Most of the cases the firm own their own water supply. A separate unit should be established for that. For non-polluting disposal, water treatment technology like Trickling Filter Process and/or Activated Sludge Process must be adopted. In many countries, it is mandatory. Although it is not a problem in the urban area, still most of the rural areas are not alighted until now. To set up an electronics unit an uninterrupted flow of electricity is required. As the energy source, it is cheaper in LDC to use traditional fuel like coal and petroleum than hydroelectricity, though non-conventional sources are most eco-friendly but expensive still now.Telecommunication is also not adequate in most of the area in LDCs. National organizations of telecom of respective countries cannot meet the huge demand always.

Architectural Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Architectural Theory - Essay Example The plan of a design must be based on the understanding of the context for which the building will be utilised. This statement was made by Claude-Nicolas in 1790, living in New York. This was in response to the debate between heroic architecture and heroic architects. The design and plan of cities remains reflection of the societies which established these architectural environments. This statement was made by Mumford in 1961, living in London. It was in response to the observation of medieval buildings which have remained symbolic in modern times. The internal arrangement for any architectural structure depends heavily on the architecture method for determining the interior. This statement was made by Ching and Eckler 2012, living in New York. It was in response to the significance of developing a plan before determining the use of a building. The development of structures should be focused on presenting the aesthetics depicting the society. This statement was made by Howard 1898, living in Hertfordshire, England. It was in response to positive qualities of economic and social elements in the plan for a building. There is a significant effect of the environment upon the architectural plans made. This statement was made by Geddes in 1879, living in London. This was in response to the influence of Frederic le play on regional planning

Set Up a Company in LDC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Set Up a Company in LDC - Essay Example In consequences, medical expenditure of company itself been reduced. To make an eco-friendly surroundings strict statutory regulation or voluntary self- regulation is very much needed. According to Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), different management approaches like reduction, reuse, recycling, and landfills of wastages are easy can be arranged and guidelines are also given by them. The plastic and metals often used directly without pre-treatment (www.panalytical.com). As said by them grinding, milling and pressing systems together can make a complete solution. According to International standardization organization (ISO), every company should maintain the ‘Environmental Management System’. Careful solid waste management nowadays becomes urgent. Solids including paper, plastic, metals and glass pieces and many other things are most of the cases renewable, if not they should be destroyed by the clean way. Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Chromium VI, PBB, and PBD B are significantly harmful to the environment. Most of the cases the firm own their own water supply. A separate unit should be established for that. For non-polluting disposal, water treatment technology like Trickling Filter Process and/or Activated Sludge Process must be adopted. In many countries, it is mandatory. Although it is not a problem in the urban area, still most of the rural areas are not alighted until now. To set up an electronics unit an uninterrupted flow of electricity is required. As the energy source, it is cheaper in LDC to use traditional fuel like coal and petroleum than hydroelectricity, though non-conventional sources are most eco-friendly but expensive still now.Telecommunication is also not adequate in most of the area in LDCs. National organizations of telecom of respective countries cannot meet the huge demand always.

Law and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Law and ethics - Essay Example Moreover, a cursory search on the web reveals a litany of legal firms offering assistance with navigating the complex regulations surrounding performing business in Kuwait (Keay, 2013). The effect of such a level of regulatory steps is of course necessary on some level; due to the fact that without regulation many less than honest firms would set up shop and take advantage of the system. However, as has been mentioned by many scholars with regards to this particular topic, the fact of the matter is that many of these business regulations have been made by individuals that do not have a special understanding of the business process; therefore, they are not adequate or efficient in regulating and only serve to provide a net loss of utility and efficiency with regards to doing business in Kuwait. With regards to a positive effect of this level of regulatory constraints, it can and should of course be noted that this allows Kuwait to exhibit a degree of control over the type and scope of business operations that take place within the nation. By ensuring that a high level of business laws and regulations governing business exist, the stakeholders within the government are able to specifically manage the growth of certain key sectors that they believe represent a threat while they are able to cultivate and promote other sectors that they believe offer a net benefit to the system as a whole. Discuss the fact that Kuwait is a renter state and how this is impacting the business environment negatively. One of the biggest threats to the continued viability of the government of Kuwait and other economies that are over-dependent upon the revenue from their natural resources is the fact that the other segments of the economy often atrophy. Due to the fact that such a very high level of profitability is able to be gleaned from oil and gas, nations such as Kuwait have been known to suffer from what is known as â€Å"Dutch disease†. Dutch disease is so termed due to the situation that exhibited itself in Holland during the 1970’s when large fields of natural gas were discovered within Holland. As these resources were tapped, the whole of economic power shifted and the natural gas industry ballooned into the largest sector of the Dutch economy. Ultimately, this served to weaken the economic position of Holland as a whole as the nation became overly dependent upon the revenue from the gas fields and allowed other, formerly profitable, aspects of their economies to wither and atrophy. In much the same way, the fact that Kuwait is so dependent upon the likes of Shell, BP, and Exxon as â€Å"renters† to their natural resources poses a significant threat to the continued viability of the economy. As a means of approaching this unique threat, it will of course be the responsibility of stakeholders within the government and private sector to seek to build key aspects of domestic production in order to offset the threat of becoming dependent u pon the rents that natural resource seeking firms extract from the nation. Due to the fact that just like with the example of Holland which has previously been discussed, these natural resources will eventually run out, it will be the responsibility of these stakeholders to seek to build a solid foundation now so that when this happens, Kuwait will

Understanding the Societal Response to Homosexuality Essay Example for Free

Understanding the Societal Response to Homosexuality Essay â€Å"They gave me a reward when I killed two men and gave me a suspension when I loved one†. These are the words of Leonard Matlovich (1943-1988) who was a Vietnam War veteran and one of the best known gay men in America in the 1970s. A journey through the history makes it clear that Homosexuality has always been an issue which has had the highest amount of discussions, disagreements and clashes over the time in every culture and society. It always generates interest people, who are seeking a better understanding of the deferent cultural values and social behaviors in various times of the history, to know why different societies in different times of the history reacted to different sexual activities in typical ways. This study would comprehensively look into the facts that might have affected the societies in understanding and accepting the homosexual behavior within the communities. What were the social, economical, ecological and political dynamics that drove the societies to respond to homosexuality in a rather hostile way? Ancient concepts  The ancient times that had smaller kingdoms and more of the cult practices gave way to larger empires and syncretism of different monotheistic religions spreading new outlook on man having sex with man. This transformation process was in fact differed in various parts of the world. Till the advent of asceticism, which was against all forms of sexual pleasures, homosexuality was accepted broadly as rather positive human sexual activity except in the pharaonic Egypt (Greenburg 1988). This exception itself is an evidence of the changing values in a society under an organized administrative and religious concept. The vast empires meant long distance trade and imperial expansion which in turn helped the followers of different cult religions in contact with one another causing the diffusion of religious practices that involved homosexuality (Greenburg 1988). In that context there prevailed an atmosphere conducive for a monotheistic religion which uprooted the polytheism which to a great extend accepted the sexual magic of homosexuality (Greenburg 1988). The changing economical, political and national scenario had caused people to look more seriously into competitive survival accomplishments than bodily pleasures and desires. The gap between rich and the have-nots increased due to the changing business opportunities and slave trade (Greenburg 1988). Thus the poor men who had to devote their life more into physical labor and combat for the rich to maintain their life style became critical of the rich men who devote their body and life to seeking pleasure from hedonistic pleasure. Moreover, the politics in the larger kingdoms were not mainly in the hands of the public, which kept the common man aloof from the public affaires. This helplessness in fact ended up resulting in a repudiation of desires and pleasures(Greenburg 1988). The small societies were, further, shaken by the conquest happened during the expansion of empires. The troubled social and political situations due to wars have left the people without any sense of security Davis 1982). The implications of these aspects can be further discussed when looking at different communities in detail. Various Outlooks of Various Communities In many ways the connotation of homosexual behavior for Greeks is slipping between the effeminate behavior and man’s tendency to have sex with another man (Greenburg 1988). One of the Plato’s observations goes as ‘an older lover will plainly court a beloved who is effeminate. There is also a mention of an Egyptian letter dating back to 145 BC which ‘Malakos’ almost certainly refers to male homosexuality. Where as Boswell (1980) had strongly stated that â€Å"malakos is never used in Greek to designate gay people as a group or even in reference to homosexual acts generically†. Dio Crisostom who was a Greek scholar in AD 115 mentioned that someone who loved learning might be called malakoteran (Davis 1982). These uncertain commends on homosexuality in the Greek community for a great extend reveal that though, homosexuality was not accepted among Greeks, it was not abominated. It could be because the Greeks had a strong and unthreatened sense of cultural superiority. But they lacked altogether the Jewish sense of being a holy people set apart by God (Davis 1982). The Greek never believed that the divine power had reviled to man kind a code of laws for the regulation of sexual behavior. Hebrews always upheld the biblical prohibition of male prostitution as the weapon against homosexuality. A few passages in the Leviticus seem to prohibit male homosexuality precisely. They are Levi. 8:22 â€Å"Thou shalt not lie with mankind as with womankind; it is abomination† and Levi. 0:13 â€Å"If a man lies with mankind as with woman kind both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surly be put to death; their blood shall be upon them†. At this point it looks like the homosexuality of man is the only thing to abominate, it may not be so but the lesbianism at this stage might have been more of a personal issue handled by the elder male members of the family than a public issue handled by the authorities (Davis 1982). However’ Later on lesbianism became more of a public issue when the early church took to counter it. St. Paul has clearly mentioned it and strongly condemned it when he said Rom. : 26-27 that their women have exchanged natural intercourse for unnatural relationships with women burn with lust for one another. The hostility towards homosexuality as a prohibited sexual behavior is accounted to be much ferocious in Christian community in many times of the history (Davis 1982). At this juncture, such sexual variation is found to be breaking the boundaries of natural intercourse and thus tend to become the special subject of persecution (Boswell 1980). This strong hostility of Christians towards such sexual variation is to be understood in terms of the Latin Christians who ruled the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem. They were group in exile and fighting against formidable Muslims to protect the farthest strong hold of Christendom. They lost Jerusalem finally in the 1187, and their leaders fought their heart out, to prevent the secular leaders from making a pact with the Muslims, only to maintain the Latin Christians discriminating and rigid monopoly. Under the influence of the Latin Church the Frankish Knights and warriors who controlled the kingdom of Jerusalem strangely apart from their Muslim subjects. Thus the normally open knight’s community kept themselves aloof and the sexual variation which was perceived as a transgression was severely suppressed (Davis 1982). The Modern Outlook In the heartland of Christian Europe hostility towards homosexuality became marked only toward the end of the 12th century. The emphasize n the clear definition and rigorous defense of religious and legal boundaries inevitably led to the increased intolerance of forms of sexual behavior involving a breakdown of the boundaries between natural categories(Davis 1982). owever, the leaders of religious and military organizations would consider the maintenance of their status depends heavily on strict boundaries between the insiders and outsiders. If the insiders are male alone, then, the boundaries between them. The maintenance of strict boundaries between the different levels of a military or ecclesiastical hierarchy requires that people of different levels would not have sexual relations (Ruben 198 4). In all the male organizations it would mean prohibiting homosexuality. To wrap up, now such time has come, when the humanity realized that sexuality should be treated with special respect (Ruben 1984). 1873 has seen the first federal anti obscenity law was being passed in the United States. From the late 1940s to 1960s the homosexuals were targeted and persecuted severely in America. In the late 60s, the extreme right came out accusing Sex Information and Education Council of the United States as a communist plot that destroys the family values and eventually killing the patriotism in the coming generation (Ruben 1984). The recent past have seen AIDS being considers as a homosexual disease even in the United States. It was a fact that the gay community had to deal with misfortune of being known as community in which a deadly disease spread out and became visible. One must look back into the history of epidemic and their victims in the beginning, before one begins to think about an anti-gay initiative on the basis of Aids (Ruben 1984).

Space Defining Elements And Space Defined Cultural Studies Essay

Space Defining Elements And Space Defined Cultural Studies Essay Definition from Oxford dictionary: the dimensions of height, depth, and width within which all things exist and move. Space is a three-dimensional place where objects and people exist and move and where events take place. In psychology, space is defined as the recognition of objects appearance and how its perceived. In architecture, space is a special form of free space which the architect creates by giving it form, shape and scale. Space is prime material is the designers palette and an essential element in interior design (Ching D. K. 1943, page 10). The function of space is first defined in two dimensions, breadth and width, but the manipulation of space bring out the third dimension, the height, giving the opportunity for the inhabitants to develop yet further dimensions. In reality, architects dont make or create a space, they just cut off a part of the continuum and design recognizable sub-spaces. Each space has special function and represents a special entity expressing the relationship between humans and things besides creating architectural boundaries. Space is a fundamental element in architecture, since architecture is about spatial creation and depends on the disposition of space and form relating to human behavior. [Dimensions Charles Moore page 7] Museums are special buildings designed around a set of characterizing attributes. The main concerns in designing a museum are its interiors and spatial organization. The kind of interior space differs according to the function of the building. Interior spaces in museums are expressive in many ways, not only because they provide information but also because they reflect different concepts. So, space can be seen as a medium of communication and interpretation in museums. It can provide a division in zones, each with its own activities and uses. This paper is mainly concerned with the importance and effect of space in public places, mainly in museums. The relationship between space defined and space defining elements as well as the relationship between objects and the observers are studied. Relationship between space defining elements and space defined: Space itself has no definition or meaning unless visual objects or elements are placed inside it, establishing a relationship between space and the elements and between the elements themselves. Narrowing it down to architectural scale, the main elements defining a space are walls, roofs, floors, coloumns and beams. Interior design considers a deeper definition of space concerned with its layout, furnishing and planning. In design philosophies, the space and form are always regarded as the negative and positive, where the solid is the elements filling the big void, which is the space. Architecture can be considered as a creative expression of the coexistence of space and form on a human scale but its understanding together with all other concepts, is rooted in psychological space of our thoughts.(Tom Porter, 1997: page 26). The display layout depends on some main configurational properties such as control, connectivity and integration, as well as some spatial qualities like hierarchy, symmetry and perspective. Different combinations of these properties result in three different spatial-display relationship strategies: objects enhancing space, space enhancing objects and fully autonomous independent space-display relation. In the first setting, the qualities of the objects are used and exploited to emphasize the qualities of architectural space instead of bringing out the qualities of the exhibits themselves. In the second setting, the architectural space maximizes the impact of the objects while keeping the space in the background. Curators might emphasize certain exhibits by displaying them in high hierarchy areas. These galleries are privileged with respect to others by being directly accessible, visible from far distances and have many connections to and entrances from other parts of the building. To conclude, the link between design choices and display goes far beyond the visual and aesthetic aspects. The spatial aspects and the proximity of spaces combined with the exhibited objects in a certain layout form a correspondence relationship. This helps the observer to identify the relation between the exhibited objects and become a part of their history. Relationship between observers and space: People perceive the interior and exterior spaces in a sensual way, involving movements. Movement can be described as a transition between spaces and different spatial impressions. Each movement in space causes a variety of experiences to the visitor which affect their senses. This causes a huge number of stimulations inside the human brain resulting in different responses and feelings. For example, being in a theme park gives a different response as being in a cathedral. Nature as well as man-made environments are rich in spatial diversity. Wherever you go, you experience different types of spaces. Unlimited spaces could be experienced standing on tall buildings, on high grounds or from vantage points. You can also experience partially defined spaces while moving in canyons or through streets and totally enclosed spaces from inside caves or windowless rooms like elevators. The movement from one type of space to another, such as from restricted to a more free space or vice versa, makes the experience more impressive. Psychologically, the volume taken by ones body is related to the ones perception of the space. Animals and humans share similarities in that each creature has his personal space bubble of a certain size, which fluctuates according to the psychological spatial relation. For example, the size of this personal bubble grows in small spaces like elevators and oppositely diminishes in enormous spaces such as cathedrals and auditoriums. That mea ns that humans feel their body larger in small spaces. In museums, space is of huge importance, since users dont only read the information on the exhibits and look at them, they also take in the space and become a part of it. The experience of the visitor is more inclusive, unlike reading the information in a book or in the internet, which is spatially unequal. Space is formed by the relationship between the observers and the elements defining the space. In order to enhance the observers experience in taking in the exhibits, space must be interactive. This means that there should be a physical response from the visitors or receivers. Visitors can be guided by the designs of the space to move in a particular way. Observers can be guided by the designs to an exploratory movement in the space, where they are introduced to an unknown environment with prominent and strange surroundings where the architecture of the space is a foreground element. People move more slowly and whisper. On the other hand, visitors can be guided to a more habitual movement, where the architecture is a hardly noticeable background and people move without awareness of the surroundings, only thinking of their goal. The Psychology behind designing a museum space: The architectural design of a museum can be very difficult and varies with the purpose of the building. The exhibits of the museum must be preserved and yet visible and exposable for the visitors. When designing a museum space, one must understand the psychology of the visitors in crowded rooms. For example, it has been proved that people prefer making right turns than left turns as well as sitting or standing at the edges of a room instead of in the middle feeling more secure and giving themselves the chance to observe others without being observed and without their privacy being endangered. In a museum, the objects must be arranges so as to encourage exploratory movement of the visitors. The structure of space and organization of exhibits should work together to enhance local exploration and decrease the speed of movement of the visitors and slow down the rhythm of perception in order to make them take in all the information conveyed by the displayed objects. For example, a statue placed in the far distance and displayed from the back encourages the visitor to come closer and move around it to fully explore it. What defines a museum space is the existence of two types of spatial organization: the visit-able sequence as well as the gathering space which observers repeatedly visit during the tour. These two types of spaces help create two kinds of interfaces: the informational and the social dimension. The former (informational) is due to the arrangements of the exhibits inside the museum as determined by the curators, while the latter (social) is between the visitors themselves. There are different geometrical layouts for museums which help us to draw a fundamental difference between museums, some give choice of routes, others give a choice of galleries. The former layouts give the visitor the freedom to choose the route from one part of the building to another which creates a probabilistic distribution of visitors, causing less crowding in central gathering spaces. The latter layouts give the visitors only a restricted choice between chambers or galleries and drives him / her back to the overall defined route. In some cases the geometrical layout of a museum causes conflicts between the social and informational functions. This is especially the case when the layout separates the galleries for informational reasons, cutting off the social functions. In other cases, enhancement of the informational function strengthens the social function as well. This happens when the geometrical structure enforces proximity of the visiting areas and galleries. In this case, the randomness of encounter is maximized, causing social interaction. These geometrical layout strategies suggest that visitors dont only experience the objects (informational) and other people (social), another critical dimension is introduced, which is the experience of space itself. While designing a museum space, we should consider the different patterns of exhibitions such as object-based exhibitions, demonstration-type exhibition and topical exhibitions. Object-based exhibitions concentrates on the exhibited object itself, its background and its social, cultural, historical and religious values. Demonstration-type exhibition is used to demonstrate the existence of non-visible natural phenomena such as heat, electricity, light, sound and wind. Topical exhibitions on the other hand use movies, scripts, articles, collages and stage performances to tell stories and present whole pictures about a certain field. To conclude, a museums space should be designed to be informative, interactive and enforce the discovery and exploration spirit of the visitor. A museums architecture must connect, sense, move, show and site. Not only must a museums design encourage the visitor to learn and discover, but it must also must teleport the observer into another world. Besides, a museums space must be easily accessible and should allow for many public functions including workshops, informative lectures and social events. Case study of two different museums: Griffith observatory (LA USA) vs. Alexandria Museum (Alexandria Egypt) Alexandria Museum Alexandria National Museum is located in an Italian style palace in downtown Alexandria on the main street of Alexandria (Tariq el Hurreya). The building was first built in 1928 and owned by one of the wealthiest wood merchants in Alexandria. It was turned into a museum in 2003. Nowadays, it contains more than 1800 artifacts, revealing the history of Alexandria. The historical building consists of 3 stories, each floor exhibits a different era of the Egyptian history starting from the oldest in the ground floor and exhibiting more modern pieces as the visitors move upstairs. While the ground floor is concerned with the Pharaonic era, the 1st floor exhibits Greco Roman antiques and the 2nd floor demonstrates the more modern Coptic and Islamic eras. The museum is considered as one of the most important in Egypt. The museum is considered an object-based exhibition, where the observer enjoys walking around the objects and focusing on them, understanding their history and the era where they come from. The building consists of a central gathering space, from which the visitors can decide which exhibition room to enter first on the same floor. Its layout can be considered a partly guiding layout, since the visitors are forced to move from the older eras in the lower floor to the more modern eras upstairs in a sequential way. However, it still gives the observer the freedom to choose which gallery to visit first on the same floor when standing in the central area. The interior design of the museum separates each era by exhibiting it in a different floor, but connects the objects from each era together by displaying them on the same floor in adjacent galleries. This partly guiding layout minimizes the control that the layout enforces on the visitors and increases the randomness in the movement, which causes exploratory behaviour of the observer. However, the layout may cause the visitor to miss some of the objects and the fact that the central area is entered every time the visitor go es from one gallery to another may cause local crowding.

protein domains :: essays research papers

Describe the Nature, Structure, and Function of Domains in Proteins Domains "Within a single subunit [polypeptide chain], contiguous portions of the polypeptide chain frequently fold into compact, local semi-independent units called domains." - Richardson, 1981 In the hierarchial organisation of proteins, domains are found at the highest level of tertiary structure. Since the term was first used by Wetlaufer (1973) a number of definitions exist reflecting author bias, however all of the definitions agree that domains are independently folding compact units. Domains are frequently coded by exons and therefore have specific functionality. Among the many descriptions of protein domains the two most striking and simple are " Protein evolutionary units" and "Basic currency of Proteins". Domains may be considered to be connected units, which are to varying extents independent in terms of their structure, function and folding behaviour. Each domain can be described by its fold. While some proteins consist of a single domain, others consist of several or many. A number of globular protein chains consist of two or three domains appearing as 'lobes'. In other cases the domains may be of very different nature- for example some proteins located in cell membranes have a globular intracellular or extracellular domain distinct from that which spans the membrane. Protein domains occur in large polypeptides, (proteins that have more than 200 residues). These proteins have two or more globular clusters which in turn have domains composed of 100-200 amino acids. Thus many domains are structurally independent units that have the characteristics of small globular proteins. If we examine the detailed structures of many transmembrane proteins, we see that they often have three different domains, two hydrophilic and one hydrophobic .(fig 1&2) A hydrophilic domain (consisting of hydrophilic amino acids) at the N-terminus pokes out in the extracellular medium, a hydrophobic domain in the middle of the amino acid chain, often only 20-30 amino acids long, is threaded through the plasma membrane, and a hydrophilic domain at the C-terminus protrudes into the cytoplasm. The transmembrane domain, because it is made of amino acids having hydrophobic side chains, exists comfortably in the hydrophobic inner layers of the plasma membrane. Because these transmembrane domains anchor many proteins in the lipid bilayer, these proteins are not free-floating and cannot be isolated and purified biochemically without first dissolving away the lipid bilayer with detergents. (Indeed, much of the washing we do in our lives is necessitated by the need to solubilize proteins that are embedded in lipid membranes using detergents!)

O Level

w w ap eP m e tr .X w UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS s er om .c GCE Ordinary Level MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2008 question paper 5054 PHYSICS 5054/02 Paper 2 (Theory), maximum raw mark 75 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and nexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. †¢ CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 200 8 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. Page 2 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054Paper 2 Do not accept fractions. No penalty for [ 2 s. f. unless stated or for 1 s. f. where exactly correct. Only one unit and only one fraction penalty per question. Section A 1 (a) 0. 5(0) m B1 C1 A1 (a) mgh or F ? d or 10 ? 700 (–)7000 J C1 A1 (b) Q/E/H = mc? T or (? T =) 7000/(1) ? 4200 1. 7 or 1. 67 or 5. 5 8. 9  °C e. c. f. (a) 4 B1 (b) rotates/tilts/unbalanced/one side down/one side up rotates anticlockwise/down on left or head down or foot up (net) anticlockwise moment or moment on left > moment on right or weight/CM on left of pivot 3 B1 B1 B1 B1 (b) 10(. 0) N or e. c. f. (a) diagram of two forces and resultant W / 6(N) and T / 8(N) marked on perp. forces or scale given 10(. 0  ±0. 2) N 35–39 ° from T/Y/horizontal or 51–55 ° from W/vertical an d correct resultant C1 C1 A1 (a) (i) (a = ? )v/t or 84/35 2. 4 m/s? C1 A1 (ii) speed and time axes correct and labelled straight line of positive gradient through origin 84 (m/s) and 35 (s) marked (b) (i) two arrows with forward force > backward force (ii) air/wind resistance or friction or drag  © UCLES 2008 B1 [5] [4] [5] B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 [7] Page 3 5 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 a) Any two pairs – may be expressed in terms of the gas: liquid M1 molecules dense(r) close(r)/touching incompressible/volume fixed close(r) or strong(er) forces fills bottom container forces strong(er) expands less when heated forces strong(er) more viscous/flows slower forces strong(er) sound fast(er) close(r) or strong(er) forces better conductors of heat close(r) slower diffusion close(r) Paper 2 A1 (b) molecules gain speed/energy/heat and escape/leave cloth/break bonds or latent heat needed fast(er)/high(er) (kinetic) energy molecules escape/evaporate (a verage) speed / (kinetic) energy (of remainder) decreases r temperature related to (average) energy/speed of molecules 6 M2 A2 B1 B1 B1 (a) red B1 (b) (i) equal to B1 (ii) less than B1 (c) two correct refractions on Fig. 6. 2 no dispersion and ray ends close to P (a) 12(. 0) V B1 B1 B1 B1 (c) (E=) QV or VIt or 200 ? 12 2400 J accept 2370–2410 J e. c. f. 8 M1 A1 (b) top row: 4. 6 and 0 bottom row: square 1 = square 2 + square 3 or 9. 2 bottom row: 4. 6 in squares 2 and 3 cao 7 [7] C1 A1 (a) fusion B1 (b) (i) mass decreases or product/nuclei/atoms less massive mass becomes/converted to energy B1 B1 (ii) E = mc2 6. 6 ? 10–29 ? (3. 0 ? 108)2 5. 9 ? 0–12 or 5. 94 ? 10–12 J B1 C1 A1  © UCLES 2008 [5] [6] [6] Page 4 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 Paper 2 Section B 9 (a) (i) Any three lines: vibration of cone/loudspeaker vibration of air/particles (molecules) particles/molecules pass on vibrations/energy (to neighbours) com pressions and rarefactions or longitudinal wave/movement of particle (max 3) B1 B1 B1 B1 (ii) loud – large amplitude/max displacement low-pitched – frequency/no. of waves per sec low frequency, small frequency, etc. (long wavelength 1/2) B1 M1 A1 (iii) (t =) d/s or 0. 57/330 0. 0017 s C1 A1 iv) speed of sound greater in water/liquid or v. v. less time taken in water/liquid or heard sooner/faster B1 B1 [10] (b) (i) v = f? or 200 seen (? =) v/f or 330/200 or 330/0. 2 or 1650 (m) 1. 6/1. 65/1. 7 m (ii) attempt at compressions and rarefactions/longitudinal wave correct wavelength marked C1 C1 A1 M1 A1 [5] [Total: 15]  © UCLES 2008 Page 5 Mark Scheme GCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 10 (a) (i) at least 2 concentric, complete circles increasing gap at least 1 anticlockwise arrow and none incorrect (ii) stronger or more lines or lines closer together or extends further (b) (i) (R =) V/I or 6. /8. 0 0. 75 ? Paper 2 B1 B1 B1 B1 [4] C1 A1 (ii) (Q =) It or 8. 0 ? 120 or 8. 0 ? 2 960 C (16 C scores 1/2) C1 A1 (c) (i) L>R or N>S [4] B1 (ii) force (on wire) or wire bends/moves into page/perpendicular to field/away (from us)/LH rule quoted M1 A1 (iii) force reverses or out of page or bends the other way e. c. f. B1 [4] (iv) accept first two marks on unlabelled diagram (wire becomes) coil / armature /solenoid force/movement opposite on sides of coil or moment current reverses during rotation/due to commutator or split ring B1 B1 B1 [3] [Total: 15]  © UCLES 2008 Page 6 Mark SchemeGCE O LEVEL – October/November 2008 Syllabus 5054 11 (a) (P =) VI or 6. 0 ? 1. 6 9. 6 W Paper 2 C1 A1 (b) (i) filament/J releases electrons or thermionic emission attracted by +ve terminal/metal plate/K electrons move/accelerate [2] B1 B1 B1 (ii) otherwise electrons hit (air) molecules/particles/lose energy or electrons deflected/don’t hit screen/cause ionisation of air B1 (iii) electrons/charges/beam/ray deflected (by magnetic field) few(er) ele ctrons reach plate/K/+ve terminal/pass round circuit B1 B1 (iv) current = 0 or no reading electrons repelled by or not attracted to K or K does not emit electrons B1 c) (i) (dot/speck of light) moves so fast (that the eye sees it as a single line) or timebase pulls it horizontally or voltage is constant/zero B1 [8] B1 (ii) (line/trace) displaced vertically at uniform rate/speed or slowly moves 3. 0 divisions/3cm M1 A1 B1 (iii) screen not high enough or trace moves beyond edge of screen or line moves 6cm / more than 4cm (vertically) or line can only move 4cm or screen is only 4cm from middle to top B1 [5] [Total: 15] B1 Independent mark C1 Compensation mark; given also if the answer is correct M1 Method mark: if not given, subsequent A marks are not awarded A1 Answer mark.  © UCLES 2008

Cats vs. Dogs as Pets

The most popular pets in today’s society are cats and dogs. There has always been a debate for both sides. It’s a matter of opinion to which animal is superior. This essay is going to compare and contrast the two animals. One of the most obvious similarities is that cats belong to the feline family. Cats are independent and require less attention from their owners. Dogs belong to the canine family. Dogs are pack animals; this means they require more attention by their owners so they don’t become depressed and lonely.Looking at both animals, they both have different needs, habits and attitudes. Cats need less grooming because they clean themselves. Cats use a litter box and don’t have to be trained like dogs to use the bathroom outside. Cat litter can be expensive also. Dogs need to have baths, be brushed and taken care of when they use the bathroom. The cost for food is more expensive for dogs. The habits of both animals are very different and should be co nsidered by the owner. Dogs, if allowed, will share a meal with their owner. They can also share furniture such as bed, recliner, and couches.They like to be petted and go for walks. Dogs bark and can bother neighbors. Dogs nail care has to be done by a veterinarian which can cost you. Cats do to but don’t have to be walked. Cats can be trained though to walk on a leash. Cat’s meow, purr, growl, and hiss. Cats may scratch furniture and are very hard to train them not to do so. Cats can be declawed to deter the tearing up of furniture. The other difference between cats and dogs is that cats are nocturnal and dogs are daytime animals. The attitudes between the animals can be very different.Dogs can be loving, loyal, protective and do tricks if trained. Some dogs are really good with kids and some are not so you might want to look into which breed of dogs are good with children. Cats on the other hand can be unpredictable and scratch children. They can be sweet in nature and snuggle up with you. Cats enjoy playing with simple toys such as; paper balls, toilet roll cardboard, mouse toys and yarn. Cats don’t have to be entertained by their owners because they are independent animals. Sometimes cats can bring you surprises such as birds, mice, moles. They even chase and kill flies.Some cats may be shy and skittish around other people so they like to hide in different places throughout the house. There are many reasons we choose to have a pet. One reason may be to relieve stress. Some pet lovers might choose to get a dog to protect their house. Some prefer to own a cat instead of a dog and vice versa. Older people prefer cats for the companionship. Younger couples usually choose a puppy for their children to play with. It is also good to research all the options you have that will suit you and your family. Whether you choose a cat or dog you should always consider they both have different needs, habits and attitudes.

Consider the role of Iago in act III scene 3 and show how Shakespeare portrays Iago, and the effect he has on Othello

Iago is one of Shakespeare's most unforgettable desperados. In Act III scene 3 Iago's feelings are driven by a passion of such intense strength that, even though we might understand his motives, it is difficult to feel that anything other than pure evil could compel him to such extremes of behaviour as a result. We also see Iago taking a powerful, sadistic delight in the damage which he causes throughout the scene, and how he has a cancerous effect on Othello and his relationship with Desdemona. Iago manipulates the perceptions of other characters with great skill, using lies which contain sufficient truth. He is an opportunist, and takes advantage of anything. ‘Ha! I like not that.' Iago plants a seed of guilt, which he nurtures throughout the scene. He advocates that the figure he has seen leaving cannot be Cassio, because he is a respectable and worthy man who would not stoop to such a sneaking and fraudulent kind of behaviour. By suggesting that an action, which might seem innocent, may in reality conceal something altogether more suspicious, Iago cleverly hints that Cassio has a guilty conscience. The effectiveness of the compound word ‘guilty-like' used by Iago puts an element of doubtfulness and apprehension in Othello. At the beginning of the scene there is an open, playful, loving relationship between Othello and Desdemona: ‘Tis as I should entreat you wear gloves, Or feed on nourishing dishes, or keep you warm,' This flirtatious discussion is the last time we see love and contentment between Othello and Desdemona. ‘Excellent Wretch' This is Othello's last statement of happiness. The words show an eternal world of love and lust; Othello loves Desdemona deeply. From that moment on Othello suffers a torment of jealousy; his happiness is being ate away by the covetousness seed that Iago has planted. Iago is a fine judge of character: he knows what people like and what makes people irritated and infuriated. ‘Did Michael Cassio, When you wooed my lady, know of your love?' Iago is prodding Othello. He is not giving him a straight answer, and this deeply exasperates and annoys Othello. Iago uses good tactics to form a sense of culpability and doubt in Othello. Iago's hesitations frighten Othello. In a performance of this scene, the actor playing Iago should put prominence and emphasis on ‘think' as this would create an impression of guilt. ‘Men Should be what they seem' This statement is ironic. If Iago was what he seemed he would be good, trustworthy and loyal, but he is not. He is iniquitous and impious. He is able to put on false front. Iago is a consummate dissembler. Iago has now begun to plant a seed of hesitation and uncertainty in Othello. ‘As where's that palace, whereinto foul things Sometimes intrude not?' Iago articulates how the purest spirit may still endure from foul things. This echoes exactly what is happening in this scene. Iago is pouring his foul, evil poison into the mind of Othello. This causes Othello to doubt what is really happening. No matter how many dreadful things Iago says, Othello is left with the abiding belief that he knows more terrible things than he has been told and is trying to diminish the upset because of his honest friendship and regard for him: ‘Though I perchance am vicious in my guess†¦' Iago again uses the extremely effective tool of appearing to be very reluctant in speaking ill of others whereas at the same time managing to advocate that he knows much more which would cause distress to Othello if he were to know the truth ‘Who steals my purse, steals trash; 'tis something, nothing; ‘Twas mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to thousands: But he that filches from me my good name Robs me of that which not enriches him And makes me poor indeed.' Here we see the effect Iago has had on Othello. Iago has threatened Othello in his most defenceless area: his reputation. Iago is very dexterous. He tells Othello that his reputation is everything. This is the opposite of what he said to Cassio, telling him that his status was not everything. Iago then ingeniously tells Othello to be aware of being jealous, to hide his jealousy. This cunningly plants the thought of being covetous in his mind. Iago is again taunting Othello. He is building up his heat-oppressed mind. ‘Thou dost conspire against thy friend, Iago,' Othello knows that Iago is keeping something terrible from him. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony. Othello says that Iago is plotting against him by not telling him his thoughts, but Iago is telling Othello his thoughts whilst at the same time plotting against him. Iago is getting Othello emotionally prepared for what he is planning to inform him. Iago uses good psychology by keeping Othello at a distance by not expressing his thoughts to him. ‘Ha!' Othello's short, sharp speeches portray the effect Iago has had on him, emotionally. It shows the state of mind that Iago has reduced Othello to. Othello has been emotionally reduced. This shows that Iago is gaining the ascendancy. The roles have swapped. Iago is now the more dominant of the two. Iago introduces the word ‘cuckold'. He explains to Othello that it is better to know Desdemona is having an affair compared to not knowing and the torment of a man who is infatuated but insecure, who suspects his wife but continues to love and adore. Iago is again taunting Othello. He is purposely building up an element of doubt and suspicion in Othello. At this point Iago assumes he has convinced Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio, but things go wrong. Othello tells Iago that he is not going to doubt Desdemona until he sees it and therefore if he does, Othello can then prove that Desdemona is disloyal and unfaithful. For a short period of time this throws Iago off track. Up until now Iago has just dropped hints. This has not worked to his best advantage. Now he becomes much more direct and focused and attempts an innovative, diverse approach. Although we condemn and depreciate Iago's malevolence, it is very difficult for us not to admire his skill and creativity. ‘I speak not yet of proof†¦ Look to your wife, observe her with Cassio' Iago skilfully twists his words so that the fact of Desdemona's deceitfulness and dishonesty appears not to be in question. Iago tells Othello of his innocence and ingenuity of Venetian customs. ‘I know our country disposition well' This further persuades Othello to believe his lies by pointing out how Desdemona has already deceived her father in marrying him. This echoes Brabantio's final words in Act I scene 3. ‘She had deceived her father, and may thee.' Iago reminds Othello this at the best possible time, when he is feeling at his most vulnerable. Iago tells Othello how Desdemona is exceptionally good at deceiving people, as she did it to her own father. This is also ironic as Iago is a skilled dissembler, and yet is accusing Desdemona of also being a consummate dissembler. Othello is reduced to single utterances, which show he is losing confidence and has something on his mind. It shows the impact Iago is having on him. Again, it illustrates to us that Iago is now the much more dominant of the two and is gaining control. Othello's diminutive answers show he is reading into what Iago is saying. This also emphasizes our sense of Othello's significant theatrical status as an ‘outsider', someone so unfamiliar with the Venetian customs and society that Iago's lies will seem conceivable, and who will accept as true the suggestion that all Venetian women routinely commit treachery and betrayal. Iago is not only an expert at manipulating people, but also at manipulating words. ‘I think she's honest' Iago ingeniously picks up on words and fills them with hesitation and doubt. Othello reacts to this by leaving the stage. This shows us that the poison, which Iago planted, is now spreading. Iago has a cancerous effect on him. Iago then continues to provoke uncertainty and suspicion in Othello by putting forward the idea that it was un-natural in Desdemona for choosing Othello. She refused proposals from men who were from her own country, men of the same race, and in the same rank as her, and she chose Othello instead. Iago takes a risk. He implies that Desdemona is un-natural and lustful, as she has chosen someone older than her and someone not of the same race. We can see the dramatic impact Iago has had on Othello. In Act III Scene 3, Othello is bursting with love for Desdemona ‘ Excellent Wretch!' Now Othello is asking himself ‘Why did I marry?' This shows how successful Iago has been bringing down Othello's happiness. He has taken his height of happiness and filled it with covetousness, distrust and jealousy. Iago has done all this without any proof, which shows that he is a brilliant operator. He has taken Desdemona's goodness and corrupted it into a vice of loyalty. Iago has a deep knowledge of the human psyche and is smartly and ingeniously able to manipulate feelings- for his benefit. Iago has convinced Othello that Desdemona has committed adultery because of his race and because he does not have a smooth engaging conversation like some other men have. ‘This fellow's of exceeding honesty' This is the first soliloquy given to Othello. This allows us to see the inner workings of Othello, which have been unable to be seen until now. The correspondence between the outward appearance and inner reality begins to break down. Othello dwells upon what he has come to see as his deficiencies in the eyes of others. Desdemona may well see him as a black man and who has few civilised graces of more sophisticated men. Desdemona enters and is concerned her husband is not well. Othello is unwell, but not in the way Desdemona thinks, for he is sick of spirit, not of body. Othello has convinced himself he's been ‘abused' and his only relief is to despise her. There is a total contrast between the contentment and delight in Desdemona and the tormented and tortured soul of Othello. Iago mentions the prospect of providing Othello with ‘proof'. Yet in no circumstances proof has been impending, and still Iago is able to skilfully able to compose characters to act and feel guilt and suspicion to act with certain proof on many occasions. Iago sees innocent things and turns them into acts of guilt and causes suspicion in people. This allows him to move the criteria for Desdemona's remorse and guilt onto such a modest thing as a handkerchief. ‘I will in Cassio's lodging lose this napkin, And let him find it.' In Iago's soliloquy he reveals the key to his success, in proving that Desdemona's adultery is in no doubt. It is Othello's weakness, which will bring out his destruction. ‘The mines of sulphur' This gives us the image of hellfire. Iago is often connected with the powers of hell, evil and torture. Othello re-enters. This shows he is confused and has a perplexed state of mind. ‘I slept the night well, was free and merry; I found not Cassio's kisses on her lips.' Iago obtains a sinister, evil, malicious enjoyment from the torture and torment he has caused Othello. He has turned the loyal Othello into a confused, eager man who has been totally consumed by jealousy and melancholy. Othello has been deduced. He says goodbye to a peaceful mind. The repetition of ‘farewell' shows the completeness of his loss. But the sad thing is he has lost nothing. Yet he does not know that. We see a human being rapidly destroyed by another human. Othello is declining and emotionally becoming bitter, almost approaching insanity. ‘I think my wife be honest, and think she is not, I think thou art just, and think thou art not' Othello is waving between suspicion and loyalty as he struggles with himself to determine the truth. In choosing between Desdemona and Iago, it is Othello's inability to accept his own potential for love and trust which destroys him. This is an important turning point for Othello. Othello's vision of himself and his wife excludes such compromise, and so when Iago offers Othello ‘proof' he is savage in the passion with which he believes her to be guilty. What we see here is evidence of Iago's mastery of intrigue and deception. ‘Give me a living reason, that she's disloyal.' Iago has put himself in an awkward situation. Iago's bombardment has an effect on Othello. He has awakened Othello's wrath and if he cannot support his suggestions of Desdemona's infidelity he will pay dearly for it. Othello is now desperate to be certain, that he seems almost keen to pounce upon Iago's account as true. This is ironic, as the roles of the characters are briefly changed, when Iago comments on Cassio speaking in his sleep. Othello is convinced of Desdemona's betrayal and Iago who is arguing in support for Cassio, ‘it was but his dream'. Othello has now overtaken Iago's plotting and sweeps the action along. Iago is unable to give Othello proof, so Iago cunningly makes proof sound dirty so that Othello will not ask any further questions. The image Iago paints in Othello's mind is repulsive, sordid and disgusting. Iago uses animal images to describe the action of Cassio and Desdemona together. This is significant as he is again reducing beauty to a disgusting act. He reduces the sex act to a bestial and foul level. ‘Do not rise yet.' Iago kneels with Othello as they swear a ‘sacred vow' to seek ‘black vengeance' against Desdemona and Cassio. As Iago's work on Othello begins to stoke up a furnace of jealousy and his sense of wronged honour, we see a change in Othello's behaviour. We also see how the language of Iago and Othello has been interchanged with the roles. Iago is now clearly the master in the relationship, as the villain speaks of vows to heaven. Othello, using language more appropriate to that of Iago, says of Desdemona: ‘Damn her, lewd minx'. His effectiveness as a character in the play rests upon the way he is seen differently by the other characters, who see loyalty, honesty and trustworthiness, and by the audience, who see a malevolent, who manipulates others with the intention of completely destroying them. Iago is portrayed as a self-admiring, vicious, weak, cruel and arrogant character that is only able to achieve his ends through the weakness of others. He is not merely a symbol of iniquity and malevolence, but is much more. The malign Iago turns Othello, from a noble, heroic, loving innocent man and destroys him. Iago falls prey to the same suspicion he generates in Othello and, through controlling the plot for most of the scene, moves Othello towards his cynical view of the world.

LSEP(legal, social, ethical and professional) issues associated with Essay

LSEP(legal, social, ethical and professional) issues associated with the introduction or increased use of cloud computing services - Essay Example Systems in the company are predominantly legacy-based and operate in silos. Each of the legacy systems is responsible for various parts of the business’s operations. Some of them take care of the inventory, while others focus on shipping. Alternatively, other systems handle terminals while, others work on sales data. A lot of this data is not transformed into useful information, and most times, employees feel overwhelmed by the speed, volume and even variability of the data as it is always changing. The company feels that it currently has too many servers in each of its stores, as most of them are not run in remote server farms. Cloud computing is only used for periphery services at this fashion retailer because employees have a relatively good understanding of browser-based software, but the infrastructure required to make the transition has not been installed. Sometimes, employees will use Dropbox to manage and send files, but this is often not powered by the organisation. The company also thinks of cloud computing as a means of storing its information rather than an opportunity to expand its possibilities. Whenever there is a power blackout or some form of data disaster, the company is assured of accessing its data safely through any internet connection. This acts as a form of disaster relief for the company as it makes it immune from physical attacks on its information (Balagopalan, 2010). There are a number of reasons and limitations that have presented Magneta from fully utilising cloud computing to manage its information. First, the company is concerned about the issue of security and compliance with information security standards. The retailer has a lot of sensitive information including client credit card information or their payment history. If a cloud provider does not comply with the same standards as the retailer, then it is difficult to secure transactions. Magneta is afraid of putting all their trust in an application that they have minimal

What Are The Causes Of A Teenage Girl To Become Anorexia Nervosa Essay

What Are The Causes Of A Teenage Girl To Become Anorexia Nervosa - Essay Example Anorexia Nervosa is psychological disorder that is experienced by females mostly. Situation is greatly alarming as most of the disease affected is teenage girls. It is a life threatening refusal made by most of the patients to maintain their weight below 15% of an individual’s normal weight. Other significant symptom of this disorder is a great fear regarding gaining of weight, distorted image of body and amenorrhea (absence of three consecutive menstrual cycles) in women. Symptoms of this disorder can be caused through mental, biological and environmental factors (Rutigliano, 2003). According to a survey approximate value of females affected by this disorder vary from half to one percent of females existing in U.S.A (Rutigliano, 2003). More than 90% of females carrying this disease are teenagers and diagnosed as women illness by most of the people. One reason due to which women fall badly in this disorder is the urge of young women to gain an ideal figure. This reason fall in to environmental reasons of the disease as media is playing an important part in promoting ideal figure issue (Rutigliano, 2003). Biological factors like to counter uncontrolled metabolism along with less or restricted diet and greater physical activity. The term Anorexia Nervosa or commonly known as loss of appetite cannot be detected easily as patients are often hungry and they also cook food for others. Behavioral attitudes like dressing over sized clothes in order to hide figure is common in the patients. Depression is also a behavior or psychological symptom experienced by patients. People experiencing through Anorexia Nervosa feel themselves cooler due to loss in temperature of body. Growing of long and fine hair on body is common physical disorder experienced by patients (Rutigliano, 2003). There exist another major reason for the cause of this disease which is one psychological disorder causing another disorder. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder that can result in another psychological disorder known as Anorexia. Women having OCD and Anorexia in combination may become obsessed with dieting, exercise and food. A common behavior seen by such patients is tearing of food into many pieces. Panic disorder can also result in an eating disorder (UMM, 2013). Young girls in age of twenties and teens do not want solution of their problems. Men can also be Anorexic but the ratio of this mental disorder is very low in men. Other factors for the cause of this disease is history of alcoholism, drugs, sleep disorders, perfectionism, low self-esteem and certain long illness like diabetes leading to Anorexia Nervosa as a result (Rank, 2013). Biological reason involving genetic behavior is also a reason for the cause of this disease. Girls having mothers with female cycle disorder and mothers experiencing themselves from Anorexia have greater chance to be affected (Rank, 1991). Devastating effects of Anorexia Nervosa include damaging of brain and nervous system, hairs, heart, blood, muscles, joints and bones, kidneys, body fluids, intestines hormones and skin (Women Health, 2013). It almost affects all the features a body can have for proper growth. As the patients are not taking energy from food sources; problems like frequent dehydration, lower blood pressure and uncontrolled Harmon activity can occur (Women Health, 2013). The pubescent girl who has lost control of her body in order keep herself good looking in front of other college girls. Pubescent is the period in the life of the girl when her body is experiencing major changes with the course of time. If not watched properly by parents and somewhat other governing people related to her she will be affected greatly by this psychological dis

Trade unions in the workplace can only have a negative impact on Essay

Trade unions in the workplace can only have a negative impact on productivity. Discuss - Essay Example An analysis of the above definitions reveals that a trade union must be: Allen Flanders (1970) says that the major functions of trade unions are ‘Regulation’ which is of government role, whose essence lies in rule making. As Flanders (1970) says â€Å"Union restrain the exercise of managerial authority in deploying, organizing and disciplining the labour force after it has been hired.† Thus trade unions are considered not merely as economic organizations, but also as political institutions directed towards wresting control over managerial authority and moral institutions, which will uplift the weak, and downtrodden and render them the place, the dignity and justice they deserve. Trade unions, everywhere, as organizations undertake a variety of activities termed as economical, political, social psychological, cultural etc. All these activities could be broadly put into three major categories such as collective bargaining or negotiations, industrial action and legal actions. Collective bargaining/ negotiations: Unions as representative of workers organizations bargain with employers or various such issues such as wages, allowances, bonus, hours of work, reinstatement etc. The unions have secure bargaining power by statute and bargaining is done with the presence of the third party. Industrial action: Industrial action implies action like strikes and different methods of protest. These types of industrial actions like striking naturally lead to loss of production and disturbing the industrial peace. Worldwide unions resort to these activities to achieve their goals to safe guard the interest of their members. Legal actions: The unions also involve themselves in the legal actions. First of all unions have interest in getting certain laws enacted by the legislature. The purpose of these labour laws is to enhance the interest of the workers. Then, the unions are also